Browse tribes

Clan allied with Banu Makhzum as part of the Ahlaf faction.

Descendants of ʿAdnān, traditionally traced through Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm. The northern Arab confederation, in contradistinction to the Qaḥṭānite (southern) Arabs.

The Adnanites are a tribal confederation of Ishmaelite Arabs originating from the Hejaz region. They trace their lineage to Ishmael, son of Abraham and Hagar, through Adnan. The Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to the Quraysh tribe, which is part of the Adnanites. Traditionally considered Northern Arabs, they are contrasted with the southern Qahtanite Arabs.

A tribe in the Rif mountains known for musicians belonging to the socially inferior class Imdhyazen.

Zenata Amazigh tribe supporting Al-Rashid's claim to the sultanate.

Al-Azd is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from Northern Arabia, historically inhabiting the Sarawat Mountains in the Hejaz region and parts of southwestern Saudi Arabia. They played a significant role in early Islamic history through various branches, including the Ghassanids in Syria and the Ansar in Medina. Notable members and dynasties include the Ghassanid rulers, the Nasrid dynasty of Al-Andalus, and the Al Said dynasty of Oman.

Iranian-origin tribe allied with Vandals and Suebi in Iberia.

The Alids are descendants of Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph and first Imam in Shia Islam, and cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Originating from the Hejaz region, they played a central role in early Islamic history, particularly within Shia movements and imamate leadership. Notable branches include the Hasanids and Husaynids, descendants of Ali's sons Hasan and Husayn, revered across the Muslim world. The Alids faced persecution under Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates but established several dynasties and continue to influence Shia Islam.

Neighboring tribe east of Banu Kalb territory.

Anmar is an Arabic tribe primarily composed of Adnanite Arabs. Although traditionally considered a son of Nizar, some accounts link Anmar to the Qahtanite lineage as a son of Saba from Yemen. The tribe largely perished, but one descendant, Khath'am, survived and founded the Khath'am tribe. Anmar's historical role is mainly genealogical, connecting various Arabian tribes.

Medinan natives who supported Muhammad and early Muslims.

The Arabs are a collection of tribes originating from the Arabian Peninsula, traditionally tracing their ancestry to either Adnan or Qahtan. They played a central role in the spread of Islam and the Arab conquests from the 7th century onwards, which led to widespread Arabization across West Asia and North Africa. Notable tribal confederations include the Quraysh and Hawazin, both Adnanite Arabs. Their migrations significantly shaped the demographic, cultural, and linguistic landscape of the broader Middle East and North Africa.

Nomadic tribe settled by Mu'awiya in northern Syria.

The Ash'ari tribe, originally from Zabid in Yemen, played a significant role in early Islamic history through their notable member Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, a companion of Muhammad and governor of Basra and Kufa. They embraced Islam during Muhammad's lifetime and contributed to the early Muslim conquests and governance. The tribe is also linked to the founder of the Ash'ari theological school, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari.

The Ashʿarī tribe originates from Yemen and played a significant role in early Islamic history through notable members such as Abu Musa al-Ashʿari, a companion of Muhammad and governor of Basra and Kufa. The tribe was involved in the early Muslim conquests and contributed to Islamic jurisprudence and Qur'anic recitation. Abu Musa al-Ashʿari is also an ancestor of Abu al-Hasan al-Ashʿari, founder of the Ashʿari theological school.

The Banū Aws (بنو أوس) was one of the two principal Arab tribes of Medina, alongside the Khazraj. Descended from Thaʻlaba bin ʻAmr of the Azd tribe, they played a significant role in early Islamic history as part of the Ansar who supported Prophet Muhammad after his migration to Medina. Notable members include Sa'ad ibn Mua'dh, a key leader during the Battle of the Trench. The Aws were historically involved in conflicts with Jewish tribes and the Khazraj before embracing Islam.

Extremist Kharijite faction led by Nafi ibn al-Azraq.

The Azd (Arabic: أَزْد) is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from Northern Arabia, primarily inhabiting the Sarawat Mountains in the Hejaz region and parts of southwestern Saudi Arabia. They played a significant role in early Islamic history through their various branches, including the Ghassanids in Syria and the Ansar in Medina. Notable members and dynasties descending from the Azd include the Ghassanid dynasty, the Nasrid dynasty of Al-Andalus, and the Al Said dynasty of Oman.

The Bahila were an Arab tribe based in Najd, central Arabia, known for being partly settled and partly semi-nomadic. They first appear in historical records during the early Islamic period and participated in the Muslim conquests, with many migrating to Syria, Basra, and later Khurasan. As a sub-tribe of the Qays, they were involved in the Qays–Yaman conflicts during the Umayyad era. Notable members include the scholar al-Asma'i and the general Qutayba ibn Muslim.

The Bajila was an Arab tribe originally inhabiting the mountains south of Mecca in the pre-Islamic era. They experienced internal divisions and dispersion but played a significant role in early Islamic military campaigns, particularly under the leadership of Jarir ibn Abd Allah during the Muslim conquest of Iraq. The tribe's origins are uncertain, with genealogical links to the larger Anmar group, and they transitioned from polytheism to Islam during Muhammad's lifetime.

Clan of Quraysh to which Abu Ubayda belonged.

Neighboring tribe west of Banu Kalb territory.

The Banu Amir (بنو عامر) was a large and ancient Arab tribe originating from Western Arabia, particularly the border area between Najd and Hejaz. An independent branch of the Hawazin confederation, they dominated Najd for centuries after the rise of Islam. Although initially in conflict with the Quraysh and Muhammad, they later gave allegiance to Islam and produced notable poets such as Labid ibn Rabi'ah. The tribe's branches played significant roles in Arabian and regional history, including dynasties in Iraq and North Africa.

Clan of Quraysh to which the Umayyads belonged.

Banu Adi (Arabic: بنو عدي) was a clan of the Quraysh tribe descended from Adi ibn Ka'b, based in Mecca. They participated in early conflicts such as the escort preceding the Battle of Badr but did not join the Quraysh in the battle itself. The clan produced notable early Muslims including Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, and several companions of the Prophet Muhammad.

The Banu Khazraj is a large Arab tribe originally from South Arabia, who migrated to Yathrib (later Medina) following the destruction of the Marib Dam. They played a significant role in early Islamic history as one of the Ansar tribes that supported Prophet Muhammad after his migration to Medina. Notable members include Sa'd ibn Ubadah and Anas ibn Malik. The tribe was historically hostile to their cousins, the Banu Aws, but both became key supporters of Islam.

Tribe of Yazid ibn Qays al-Arhabi, rebel leader in Kufa.

Arab tribe involved in the land disputes in Kufa during Sa'id's governorship.

The Banu Asbah were an aristocratic clan descending from the Himyarite Kingdom of southern Yemen, which was a dominant political and cultural force in pre-Islamic Arabia. Originating from the dhū-Raydān tribe, they played a significant role in early Islamic Syria, leading South Arabian contingents during the Muslim conquest and supporting Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in the First Muslim Civil War. Their influence declined after defeats in the late 7th century, but members continued to serve as governors, commanders, and scholars under the Umayyads.

The Banu Aslam were an Arabian tribe active during the early Islamic period, known to have participated in significant events following the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Originating from the Arabian Peninsula, they were part of the broader tribal landscape of Medina and played roles in the political and military developments of early Islam. While not as prominently featured as some other tribes, members of Banu Aslam were among the companions of Muhammad and contributed to the consolidation of the Muslim community.

Tribe of Qarib ibn Murra al-Azdi, a Kharijite rebel.

The Banu Bakr bin Wa'il is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from Najd in central Arabia, belonging to the Rabi'ah branch of the Adnanite confederation. They played a significant role in pre-Islamic conflicts such as the Basus War and the Battle of Dhi Qar against the Sasanian Empire. During the early Islamic period, they converted to Sunni Islam and contributed cavalry forces to the Islamic conquests. Notable members include the pre-Islamic poet Tarafah and the jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who claimed descent from the Banu Shayban branch.

Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from Najd in central Arabia, belonging to the Rabi'ah branch of the Adnanite Arabs. They played a significant role in pre-Islamic conflicts such as the Basus War and the Battle of Dhi Qar against the Sasanian Empire. The tribe converted to Sunni Islam during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods and contributed notably to early Islamic military campaigns. Notable members include the pre-Islamic poet Tarafah and the jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who claimed descent from the Banu Shayban branch.

The Banu Daws was a clan in Arabia during the era of Muhammad, located south of Mecca. It is a branch of the Zahran tribe and played a role in early Islam through notable members such as Tufayl ibn Amr and Abu Hurayra, both companions of Muhammad. The tribe is also mentioned in Islamic eschatological traditions related to pre-Islamic idol worship.

Banu Dhuhl (بنو ذهل) is a clan mentioned as part of the larger Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il tribal confederation, an Adnanite Rabi'ah branch originally from Najd in central Arabia. While Banu Bakr played significant roles in pre-Islamic and early Islamic history, including battles such as Dhi Qar and the Basus War, Banu Dhuhl is noted as a sub-tribe located in Mecca. The tribe converted to Islam during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods and participated in early Islamic military campaigns.

Tribal group controlling parts of western al-Andalus, submitted to Abd al-Rahman III.

Powerful lords in Seville and Carmona who were subdued by Abd al-Rahman III.

Arab tribe to which Khawla bint Ja'far belonged; related to Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah.

Banu Hanzala ibn Malik is a historical Arab tribe originating from al-Yamama in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a branch of the larger Banu Tamim tribe and played a significant role in pre-Islamic Arabian battles such as Yawm Dhi Najab. The tribe includes notable members like Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and the House of Al Thani.

Nomadic tribe opposed by Quraysh in Fijar War.

Banu Hudhayl is an Arab tribe originating from the Hejaz region. Historically, they were known for their poets and intellectuals and played a role in repelling the Qarmatians during the 10th-century Sack of Mecca. The tribe had early contact with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and includes notable members such as Abdullah bin Masud and the historian Al-Masudi. They primarily inhabit Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Jordan, and Egypt.

Powerful Arab tribe allied with Mu'awiya in Syria.

The Banu Khazraj is a large Arab tribe originally from South Arabia, belonging to the Qahtanite lineage. They migrated to Yathrib (later Medina) following the destruction of the Marib Dam and played a significant role in early Islamic history as part of the Ansar, supporters of the Prophet Muhammad. Notable members include Sa'd ibn Ubadah and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. The Nasrid dynasty of Granada traced their lineage to the Banu Khazraj.

The Banu Khuza'ah are an Azdite, Qahtanite tribe historically significant for ruling Mecca and the Hejaz region for approximately 500 years before the advent of Islam. They served as custodians of the Kaaba prior to the Quraysh and have a complex lineage debated between Qahtanite and Adnanite origins. The tribe's members are primarily located in and around Mecca, with diasporas across the Middle East including Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan. Notable for their early custodianship of Mecca, they played a crucial role in the region's pre-Islamic history.

Tribe of one of Marwan's wives, Qutayya bint Bishr.

Banu Nahd is an Arab tribe originating from the Quda'a confederation, historically inhabiting regions across the Arabian Peninsula including Najran, Bisha, and later Wadi Hadhramaut. They played a significant role in early Islamic history, converting peacefully and participating in key battles such as al-Qadisiyyah. The tribe maintained influence through various regional conflicts and political shifts, with notable leaders like Al-Hakam Saleh bin Ali bin Thabit in modern times.

Arab tribe allied with Al-Rashid during succession conflicts.

Rebel tribe in Guadix who submitted to Abd al-Rahman III.

Tribe associated with Kharijite leader Farwa ibn Nawfal al-Ashja'i.

Banu Najjar was a clan of the Banu Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (Medina), known for their support of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as part of the Ansar, the helpers who aided Muhammad after his migration to Medina. They played a significant role in early Islamic history, with notable members such as Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a close companion and standard-bearer of Muhammad. The clan's descendants spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, including the Indian subcontinent.

Tribe of Malik al-Ashtar, a commander loyal to Ali.

Rebel tribe opposed by Abd al-Rahman III.

The Quda'a were a confederation of Arab tribes primarily located in Syria and northwestern Arabia from the 4th century CE through the early Islamic era. They held a privileged position under the Umayyad Caliphate, particularly in military and administrative roles, and were key players in the tribal factionalism of early Islamic Syria. Notably, they realigned their genealogical descent from northern Arabian Ma'add to South Arabian Himyar, a move that sparked long-standing scholarly debate. Prominent tribes within the confederation included the Kalb and Tanukh.

Arab tribe whose members were dispatched by Yazid to the Batanea plain.

Branch of Banu Abd-Shams clan with notable chiefs including Utbah ibn Rabi'ah.

Tribe whose chief al-Ahnaf ibn Qays remained neutral during the Battle of the Camel.

Clan of the Ansar involved in the Saqifah meeting after Muhammad's death.

Banu Sa'idah was an Arabian tribe belonging to the Ansar of Medina, known for their support of Prophet Muhammad during early Islamic battles. They played a significant role in the Battle of Uhud, with notable members such as Abu Dujana, a valiant warrior famed for his bravery and loyalty. The tribe's members were initially polytheists but converted to Islam during the Prophet's time, contributing to the Muslim community's military efforts.

The Banu Saʿd was a prominent royal tribe in Arabia during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. As a subgroup of the larger Hawazin confederation, they maintained close familial ties with Muhammad and were renowned warriors who participated in numerous battles alongside him. Notably, Halima Sadia, Muhammad's wet nurse, was a member of this tribe.

Tribe associated with Sufriyya Kharijite leaders like Salih ibn Mussarih and Shabib ibn Yazid.

Qaysi tribe involved in conflicts during the First Fitna.

An Arab tribe in Upper Mesopotamia from whom Al-Walid collected sadaqat during Caliph Umar's reign.

Tribe involved in conflicts during the First Fitna, including Basra.

Tribe that formed part of Mu'awiya's army in northern Syria.

Tribe of Zuhhaff ibn Zahr al-Tayyi, a Kharijite rebel.

Tribe spared by Busr during his campaign in Hejaz.

Arab tribe in al-Andalus; ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muhammad, governor of Zaragoza, belonged to this tribe.

Descendants of Asad ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Quṣayy. Khadīja bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet's ﷺ first wife, was from this clan (her father Khuwaylid ibn Asad was its chief). Also the clan of al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, the disciple-apostle (ḥawārī) of the Prophet ﷺ.

Sub-tribe of Banū ʿĀmir ibn Ṣaʿṣaʿa. Maymūna bint al-Ḥārith was from this tribe.

The clan of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Founded by Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf, a wealthy Meccan merchant who established the trade journeys (riḥlat al-shitāʾ wa al-ṣayf — "Journey of Winter and Summer"). His son ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib was the Prophet's grandfather. Banū Hāshim later split into multiple branches including the Talibids (descendants of Abū Ṭālib, including the Hasanids and Husaynids) and the Abbasids (descendants of al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib).

Descendants of Jumaḥ ibn ʿAmr ibn Huṣayṣ, brother of Sahm. Includes ʿUthmān ibn Maẓʿūn, an early companion. Umayya ibn Khalaf — opponent of the Prophet ﷺ killed at Badr — was from this clan.

Descendants of Makhzūm ibn Yaqaẓa ibn Murra, brother of Kilāb. One of the wealthiest and most aristocratic Quraysh clans pre-Islam. The clan of Abū Jahl ibn Hishām (one of the chief opponents of the Prophet ﷺ, killed at Badr) and Khālid ibn al-Walīd (the Sword of God, sayf Allāh al-maslūl). Also the clan of the Prophet's wife Umm Salama.

Descendants of Muḥārib ibn Fihr.

Descendants of Nawfal ibn ʿAbd Manāf. Includes notable companions such as Jubayr ibn Muṭʿim and his father Muṭʿim ibn ʿAdī (who died a non-Muslim but protected the Prophet ﷺ on his return from Ṭāʾif).

Descendants of Sahm ibn ʿAmr ibn Huṣayṣ ibn Kaʿb. Includes notable companions such as ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ, the conqueror of Egypt.

Banū Hudhayl is an Arab tribe originating from the Hejaz region. Historically, they were in contact with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and are noted for their poets, intellectuals, and military support against the Qarmatians during the 10th-century Sack of Mecca. Notable members include companions of Muhammad, historians, poets, and military leaders.

Sub-tribe of Hawāzin. The Prophet ﷺ was nursed by Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya of this tribe, and famously spoke fluent classical Arabic ("I am the most eloquent of you because I was raised among Banū Saʿd ibn Bakr").

Descendants of Taym ibn Murra, brother of Kilāb (i.e. uncle of Quṣayy). The clan of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, the first Rashidun Caliph, and his daughter ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr, the Mother of the Believers and a major hadith narrator.

Sub-clan of Banū ʿAbd Shams, descended from Umayya ibn ʿAbd Shams ibn ʿAbd Manāf. The dominant clan of pre-Islamic Mecca alongside Banū Hāshim, the Umayyads under Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb opposed the Prophet ﷺ until the Conquest of Mecca (630 CE). Their later descendants — Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān etc. — founded the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (756-1031 CE).

Descendants of Zuhra ibn Kilāb, brother of Quṣayy (and uncle of all the other Quraysh clan founders). Most famously the maternal clan of the Prophet ﷺ — his mother Āmina bint Wahb was from Banū Zuhra. Also the clan of Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, one of the ten promised Paradise.

A sub-tribe of Khuzāʿa. Defeated by the Muslims at the Battle of al-Muraysīʿ (5 AH / 627 CE). Juwayriyya bint al-Ḥārith, daughter of their chief, was captured and married by the Prophet ﷺ — leading to the conversion of her entire tribe.

Descendants of al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf, brother of Hāshim. The Banū al-Muṭṭalib stood with Banū Hāshim during the Quraysh boycott (shiʿb Abī Ṭālib, c. 616-619 CE) and the Prophet ﷺ said: "Banū Hāshim and Banū al-Muṭṭalib are one thing." They share in khums of the Prophet's family.

Sub-tribe of al-Khazraj in Medina. Salmā bint ʿAmr, the wife of Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf and mother of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, was from this tribe — establishing a maternal Medinan link in the Prophet's ﷺ direct lineage.

One of the three major Jewish tribes of Medina (alongside Banū Qaynuqāʿ and Banū Qurayẓa). Expelled from Medina in 4 AH (625 CE) for breach of the Constitution of Medina. Ṣafiyya bint Ḥuyayy, the Prophet's ﷺ wife, was the daughter of their chief Ḥuyayy ibn Akhṭab; she was captured at Khaybar and married after embracing Islam.

Descendants of al-Ḥārith ibn Fihr (uncle of Ghālib ibn Fihr, ancestor of all the other clans).

Descendants of ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. ʿAbd Manāf had four major sons whose lines became the most prominent Quraysh clans: Hāshim, ʿAbd Shams, al-Muṭṭalib and Nawfal. Often referred to collectively as al-Mutayyabūn (the Perfumed Ones) in the pre-Islamic dispute over the leadership of Mecca.

Descendants of ʿAbd Shams ibn ʿAbd Manāf, twin brother of Hāshim. Their most prominent sub-clan, Banū Umayya, gave rise to the Umayyad dynasty.

Descendants of ʿAbd al-Dār ibn Quṣayy, eldest son of Quṣayy. Held some of the offices of the Kaʿba (ḥijāba — keeping the keys; liwāʾ — banner; nadwa — assembly house) which his father Quṣayy first instituted.

Descendants of ʿAdī ibn Kaʿb, brother of Murra. The clan of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the second Rashidun Caliph; his daughter Ḥafṣa bint ʿUmar, the Mother of the Believers; and Saʿīd ibn Zayd, one of the ten promised Paradise.

Descendants of ʿĀmir ibn Luʾayy. The clan of Suhayl ibn ʿAmr, the Quraysh negotiator at the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyya (628 CE), who later became Muslim and gave a famous speech on the Prophet's ﷺ death that prevented apostasy in Mecca.

Major Hawāzin tribe. Maymūna bint al-Ḥārith, the Prophet's ﷺ last wife, was from Banū Hilāl, a sub-tribe.

Indigenous people of northern Spain and southwestern France, resisted Visigothic conquest.

Indigenous North African peoples, some of whom supported Abd al-Rahman I's army.

One of the Jebala tribes, known for producing the famous poet and singer Mohamed Laroussi.

Federation of Amazigh tribes dominating central Morocco in early 17th century.

Tribe of Atiqa bint Abi Udhayhir, wife of Abu Sufyan.

Arab tribe to which Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari belonged.

Powerful family in Ifriqiya, including Ibn Habib al-Fihri and Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri.

Germanic tribe that conquered northern Gaul and fought Visigoths.

Ethnic group that led the Sokoto Caliphate and other jihad states in West Africa.

Christian Arab client kings of Byzantines integrated into Syrian military.

A powerful Arab tribe and rival of the Banu Kalb in pre-Islamic Arabia.

The Banu Ghifar was an Arab tribe belonging to the Banu Damra ibn Bakr, a branch of the Kinana tribe in the Hejaz region. Known at times as brigands, they converted from polytheism to Islam during the time of Muhammad, with Abu Dhar al-Ghifari among the first converts. The tribe participated in early Islamic conquests and some members later settled in Medina. They also supported the rebellion of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya against the Abbasid caliphate.

A small group of nine tribes adjacent to the Jebala, inhabiting territory between the mountain peaks north of Chefchaouen and the Mediterranean Sea.

Military tribes with significant power during Alawi period.

Yemenite tribe allied with Mu'awiya during the First Fitna.

A large Qaysite confederation. Includes the Banū Saʿd ibn Bakr (Ḥalīma al-Saʿdiyya, the Prophet's ﷺ wet nurse, was from this sub-tribe).

The Hilali tribe is an Arabian tribe associated with Mecca, known notably as the tribe of Maymuna bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyya, the eleventh and final wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Originating from Mecca, the Hilali played a role in early Islamic history through their connection to the Prophet's family. Maymuna is remembered for her piety, dedication to family ties, and contributions to Islamic traditions through hadith narration.

Yemenite tribe allied with Mu'awiya during the First Fitna.

The Himyari were a prominent South Arabian tribe originating from Yemen, known for their significant role in pre-Islamic Arabian history. They were part of the larger South Arabian tribal confederations and later embraced Islam during the early Islamic period. Notable members connected to the Himyari include Maymuna bint al-Harith, a wife of the Prophet Muhammad, whose maternal lineage traces back to this tribe.

Tribes from Yemen who entered the Hims district during the Islamic conquest.

Nomadic warriors allied with Romans against Visigoths and later invaded Gaul.

Kharijite sect inhabiting parts of Ifriqiya, including Qastiliya, with tense relations with Aghlabids.

Arab tribe allied with the Kalb and part of the Yaman faction during Umayyad period.

The Juhaynah (جهينة) are a prominent nomadic tribe of the Arabian Peninsula and the largest clan of Banu Quda'a. Predominantly found in the Hejaz region, especially around Madinah and cities like Yanbu and Jeddah, they were among the first Arab tribes to fully convert to Islam and actively participated in early Islamic battles. Notable members include Uqba ibn Amir, a companion of Muhammad and governor of Egypt, and Ma'bad al-Juhani, an early Islamic theologian.

Arab troops descended from early Muslim conquerors of North Africa, involved in a major rebellion against Aghlabids.

The Banu Kalb (بنو كلب) was a prominent Arab tribe inhabiting northwestern Arabia and central Syria, playing a significant role in early Islamic and Byzantine-era politics. Initially largely Christian under Ghassanid influence, many Kalbites converted to Islam following the Muslim conquest of Syria and became key military supporters of the Umayyad Caliphate. The tribe was influential in the tribal factionalism of the Umayyad period and maintained a presence in Syria through the Fatimid era before gradually settling and fading from historical prominence by the 12th century.

Arab tribe involved in rebellion against Marwan II.

Arab tribe of Sulayman ibn Yokdan al-Arabi al-Kelbi, governor of Zaragoza.

Sect that broke from Ali's followers after arbitration, known for radicalism.

The Khazraj were one of the two main Arabian tribes inhabiting Medina, alongside the Banu Aws. They played a crucial role as the Ansar, the local supporters of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers during the Hijrah. The Khazraj embraced Islam early and contributed significantly to early Islamic military campaigns and governance. Notable members include Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and Sa'd ibn Ubadah.

The Banu Khudra was a clan of the Khazraj tribe, one of the two main tribal divisions of the Ansar in Medina during the early Islamic period. They were affiliated with the Ansar, the supporters of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and played a role in the early Muslim community. Notable members include Samura ibn Jundab, a companion of Muhammad and a governor under the Umayyads, who was affiliated with Banu Khudra through his stepfather. The clan originated from the Hejaz region and contributed to the Islamic conquests and administration.

The Banū Khuzāʿah (بنو خزاعة) are an Azdite, Qahtanite tribe historically significant in Arabia. They ruled Mecca and the Hejaz region for approximately 500 years before the advent of Islam and served as custodians of the Kaaba prior to the Quraysh. The tribe has notable ancestral links debated between Qahtanite and Adnanite origins, and many members continue to reside in Mecca and across the Middle East. They played a crucial role in the pre-Islamic history of Mecca and early Islamic tribal dynamics.

One of the major Arab tribes in Syria, allied with the Tayy and rivals of the Kalb.

Arab tribe of al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Kilabi, commander of Syrian junds in al-Andalus.

The Kinani are an Arabian tribe originating from the Kinana confederation, historically located in the Hejaz region of Western Arabia. They are known as the ancestral tribe of the Quraysh, who controlled Mecca and played a central role in early Islamic history. The Kinani practiced polytheism before converting to Islam following the rise of the Prophet Muhammad. Their notable descendants include the Quraysh tribe, which produced key figures in early Islam.

Yemenite tribe allied with Mu'awiya during the First Fitna.

The Kindah were an Arabian tribe known for their significant role during the early Islamic conquests. Originating from central Arabia, they participated actively in military campaigns against the Byzantines and Sasanians. Notable members include Mu'awiyah ibn Hudayj, a general who led expeditions in Ifriqiya and Sicily under the Umayyad Caliphate.

Tribe descended from Kināna ibn Khuzayma. Quraysh emerged from Kināna via al-Naḍr ibn Kināna, then Mālik ibn al-Naḍr, then Fihr ibn Mālik (whose nickname "Quraysh" came to dominate).

The Kinānah is an Arab tribe traditionally based around Mecca in the Tihama coastal area and the Hejaz mountains. They are genealogically descended from Kinana, son of Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah, tracing back to Ishmael. The Quraysh tribe, to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged, was an offshoot of the Kinānah. The tribe played a significant role in early Islamic history, particularly through its branches such as the Quraysh, and maintained a presence in Palestine and the Hejaz during the early and middle Islamic periods.

Kufa is a historic city in Iraq that played a significant role during the early Islamic period, particularly as a centre of Shi'a support. It was the base for several key figures who opposed Umayyad rule and invited Husayn ibn Ali to lead a rebellion. The city is notably associated with the Battle of Karbala, where many of Husayn's companions, including members of the Banu Asad tribe, fought and were martyred. Kufa became an important religious and political centre in early Islamic history.

Ethnic group; Marwan II's mother was likely of Kurdish origin.

Berber tribe that supported the Fatimid movement and played a key role in overthrowing the Aghlabids.

The Banu Lakhm was an Arab tribe known primarily for its Nasrid (Lakhmid) ruling house, which governed as vassal kings under the Sasanian Empire from al-Hirah in modern Iraq during the 4th to 6th centuries CE. A branch of the tribe settled in Syria from the 4th century, allied with the Byzantine Empire, and later became part of the Umayyad Caliphate's Arab tribal forces in Palestine. The tribe largely remained Christian during the early Islamic period, with some members converting to Islam and integrating into the Muslim polity. Notable members include the Lakhmid kings such as Amr ibn Adi and al-Nu'man III, and the early Muslim convert Tamim al-Dari.

Berber tribe allied with Abd al-Rahman III against the Fatimids.

The Maqburi (المقبري) were a clan associated with the Tamim tribe in pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabia, primarily located in the Najd and eastern Arabian regions. They played a role as transmitters of hadith and maghāzī traditions in early Islamic history, with notable members such as Sa'īd al-Maqburī, a transmitter of traditions to Abu Ma'shar al-Sindī. The clan's members were initially polytheists before converting to Islam during the early Islamic period.

Berber tribe that supported the Almohad movement.

Meccan migrants to Medina who were early followers of Muhammad.

The Muzaynah were an Arabian tribe located in the Hejaz region during the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods. They practiced Arab polytheism before converting to Islam following the rise of the Prophet Muhammad. The tribe played a role in the religious and social dynamics of the Arabian Peninsula, though specific notable members are not well documented.

Confederation descended from Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān. Includes the tribes of Kināna, Hudhayl, and Qays ʿAylān among others.

Berber tribe to which Abd al-Rahman's mother belonged, providing refuge during his flight.

Moderate Kharijite faction led by Najda ibn Amir during the Second Fitna.

Brother tribe of the Kalb, allied in battles against the Salihids.

The Qahtanites are an ancient Arab tribal confederation originating from Hadhramaut in Yemen, traditionally regarded as the original Arabs. They are divided into two main sub-groups, Himyar and Kahlan, with notable descendants including the tribes of Azd, Hamdan, and Ghassan. The Qahtanites played a significant role in early Islamic history, particularly during the Arab conquests and the Umayyad period, where they were involved in the Qays–Yaman rivalry. Their genealogy is linked to semi-legendary figures and various biblical lineages, reflecting their deep-rooted presence in South Arabian history.

Millenarian Isma'ili sect allied with nomadic Kalb clans in the 10th century.

Tribe settled by Mu'awiya in northern Syria.

Qays ʿAylān (قيس عيلان) was a major Arab tribal confederation originating from the Mudar group in the Arabian Peninsula. Although not a unified entity in pre-Islamic times, its constituent tribes became a significant political faction during the early Umayyad Caliphate. The confederation included prominent tribes such as Ghatafan, Hawazin, Amir, Thaqif, and Sulaym, many of whom migrated to northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia, playing key roles in the early Islamic period. Their influence waned under the Abbasids, but some tribes established power in North Africa and al-Andalus.

Northern Arabian tribal confederation to which some Syrian junds belonged.

Tribal confederation in Syria including Banu Kalb, key supporters of Mu'awiya.

The dominant tribe of Mecca and custodians of the Kaʿba. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was born into Quraysh. The tribe is named after Fihr ibn Mālik (whose epithet was "Quraysh"), and was unified under his descendant Quṣayy ibn Kilāb (c. 480 CE), who consolidated Quraysh's control over Mecca and the Kaʿba. The Quraysh divided into many clans: Banū Hāshim, Banū al-Muṭṭalib, Banū ʿAbd Shams (later Umayyad), Banū Nawfal, Banū Asad ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā, Banū Zuhra, Banū Taym, Banū Makhzūm, Banū ʿAdī, Banū Sahm, Banū Jumaḥ, Banū ʿAmir ibn Luʾayy, Banū al-Ḥārith ibn Fihr, and Banū ʿAbd al-Dār.

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٍ) were a prominent Arab tribe that controlled Mecca prior to Islam's rise. They were divided into several clans, including the notable Banu Hashim, the clan of the Prophet Muhammad. By the 7th century, the Quraysh had become wealthy merchants dominating trade routes across the Indian Ocean, East Africa, and the Mediterranean. They initially opposed Muhammad's message but eventually embraced Islam, with many members playing key roles in early Islamic history and leadership.

Banu Abd Shams is a clan within the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, descending from Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf. They played a significant role in early Islamic history, notably through the Banu Umayya sub-clan, which produced the Umayyad dynasty that ruled the second Islamic Caliphate. Prominent members include Uthman, the third Caliph, and several companions of the Prophet Muhammad. The clan historically dominated trade and military leadership in Mecca and later embraced Islam towards the Prophet's life end.

Banu Zuhrah is a clan of the Quraysh tribe based in Mecca, Hejaz. They played a role in early Islamic history, notably participating in events surrounding the Battle of Badr and the immediate aftermath of the Prophet Muhammad's death. Prominent members include Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, an early convert and companion of Muhammad, as well as Aminah bint Wahb, the Prophet's mother.

Tribal group involved in feuds and power struggles in Khurasan during the Second Fitna.

Rabīʿa is a major North Arabian (Adnanite) tribal confederation descended from Rabīʿa ibn Nizar, one of the two main branches of Adnanite Arabs alongside Mudhar. Its branches include Abd al-Qays, Anizah, Banu Bakr, Taghlib, and others, inhabiting regions from eastern Arabia to Mesopotamia. Several branches were Christian before Islam, with some converting later, and the tribe played significant roles in early Islamic history and beyond. Notable descendants include prominent poets, warriors, and rulers, with royal families such as the Al Saud and Al Khalifa tracing their lineage to Rabīʿa.

Rabīʿa ibn Nizar is a principal branch of the Adnanite North Arabian tribes, alongside Mudhar. Originating from the Tihamah region of western Arabia, Rabīʿa migrated northwards and eastwards, establishing various sub-tribes across Eastern Arabia, Mesopotamia, and southern Arabia. Several sub-tribes, such as Abd al-Qays and Taghlib, were predominantly Christian before Islam, while others worshipped idols. Notable descendants include influential poets, warriors, and scholars, and royal families such as the Al Saud and Al Khalifa trace their lineage to Rabīʿa.

The Sadif (صادف) is a South Arabian tribe known from early Islamic history. They were based in the southern Arabian Peninsula and had notable members such as al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami, an early Muslim commander and governor of Bahrayn under the first two caliphs. The tribe was allied as clients or confederates of the Banu Umayya clan of the Quraysh and played a role in the Ridda Wars and early Islamic naval expeditions.

Arab tribe allied with Byzantines, rivals of the Kalb and Ghassanids.

A Jebala tribe inhabiting the Ketama region with cultural and climatic differences from other Jebala groups.

Another Jebala tribe in the Ketama region with distinct cultural traits.

Descendants of Muhammad, including the Alawi dynasty.

The Banu Shayban is an Arab tribe, a branch of the Banu Bakr, historically significant for their role in defeating the Persians at the Battle of Dhi Qar. They were primarily settled in al-Jazira during the early Islamic period and played a key role in the region's history, including military and political leadership. Notable members include al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, a leader in the Muslim conquest of Persia, and the Mazyadid dynasty founders who ruled Shirvan. The tribe was also known for its poets and patronage of Arabic literature.

Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in Galicia, later conquered by Visigoths.

The Banu Sulaym were an Arabian tribe inhabiting the Najran and Turbah regions. They were closely related to the Banu Hawazin tribe. Initially resistant to Islam during early Muslim expeditions, they eventually embraced Islam and submitted to Muhammad's authority. The tribe played a notable role in the early Islamic period through their interactions and eventual conversion.

The Banu Sulaym is an Arab tribe originating from the northern Hejaz region, part of the larger Qays 'Aylan tribal confederation. They initially opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad but converted to Islam before his death in 632 and participated in the Muslim conquests of Syria and Iraq. The tribe later migrated to Upper Mesopotamia and Cyrenaica, where their descendants remain influential. Notable members include generals Safwan ibn Mu'attal, Abu'l-A'war, and Umayr ibn al-Hubab.

Arab tribe to which Abbasid commander Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i belonged.

A Christian Arab tribe allied with the Sasanians and rivals of the Kalb in pre-Islamic times.

Nomadic tribe settled by Mu'awiya in northern Syria.

A tribal group in Jazira subdued by Al-Walid during the Muslim conquest of the Levant.

Banū Taym were an Arab clan of the Quraysh tribe based in Mecca. They belonged to the Quraysh al-Bitah, the Qurayshites residing near the Kaaba. The clan is notable for producing Abu Bakr Al Siddiq, the first Caliph of Islam, as well as other prominent companions of Muhammad such as Talha ibn Ubaydallah and Aisha bint Abi Bakr, Muhammad's third wife. Their descendants are found across the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and North Africa.

A powerful Arab tribe allied with the Banu Kalb and one of the three largest tribes in Syria during the 10th century.

Arab tribe whose members held key governorships under Umayyads.

East Germanic tribe that invaded North Africa and opposed Visigoths.

A Germanic people who established the Visigothic Kingdom in Gaul and Iberia.

Tribal coalition including Quda'a and Banu Kalb allied with Umayyads.

Southern Arabian tribal confederation dominant among old Arab settlers in al-Andalus.

Zahran (زهران) is one of the oldest and largest Arabian tribes originating from the Al Bahah Province in the Hejaz region. Descended from the Azd tribe, they played a significant role in early Islamic history by supporting the Prophet Muhammad in Medina. Notable figures include Malik ibn Fehm, an early settler of Oman and founder of the Tanukh confederation, and the Al Said royal family of Oman, who trace their lineage to Zahran.

The Banu Abs (العَبْس) are an ancient Bedouin tribe originating from central Arabia, forming a branch of the powerful Ghatafan confederation. Known for their independence and bravery, they played a notable role in pre-Islamic Arabian history and early Islamic society, with famous members such as the pre-Islamic poet and warrior Antarah ibn Shaddad. The tribe spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, maintaining influence through the Umayyad period and continuing to exist in various regions today.

The Ansar, meaning 'The Helpers', were the inhabitants of Medina primarily from the Banu Khazraj and Banu Aws tribes who supported the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers during the Hijrah from Mecca. They played a crucial role in early Islamic battles and the consolidation of Islam in Medina. Notable members include Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah, and Abu Dujana. Post-Muhammad, the Ansar were significant military contributors in the early Islamic conquests and held important political roles during the Umayyad era.

One of the two main Arab tribes of Yathrib (Medina). The other was al-Aws. Together they were called the Anṣār (Helpers) after they pledged allegiance to the Prophet ﷺ.

Arab tribe of Yemeni origin to which Almanzor's family belonged.

The al-Qasri were a clan of the Bajila tribe, originating from the Tihama region. They played a significant role in the early Umayyad Caliphate, notably through Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, who governed Mecca and Iraq in the 8th century. The clan was involved in the Qays–Yaman tribal conflicts, with Khalid supporting the Yaman faction. Khalid's family included notable figures who served in various administrative and military roles during the Umayyad and early Abbasid periods.

Al-Sulami is an Arabian figure of Arab origin from the tribe of Banu Sulaym or Banu Azd, known primarily as a prominent Shafi'i muhaddith, Qur'anic commentator, and Sufi scholar in Nishapur during the 10th-11th centuries. He travelled extensively across the Islamic world, contributing significantly to early Sufi literature and hadith transmission. His works remain influential in the study of Sufism and Islamic mysticism. Notable for founding a spiritual khanqa in Nishapur, he was highly regarded by contemporaries and later scholars.

The ʿAbbās were a clan descending from al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, a paternal uncle and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Originating in Mecca, they played a protective role during the early years of Islam and converted after the Battle of Badr. The clan's descendants founded the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 CE, significantly influencing Islamic history.

The ʿAbd al-Qays is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from the Rabi'a branch of the North Arabian tribes, primarily located in Eastern Arabia. Historically, they were known for raiding Iran in pre-Islamic times and later migrated to the oases of al-Ahsa, Tarout Island, and Qatif. During the early Islamic period, members of the tribe participated in the Arab conquest of Iran and settled in regions such as Fars and Basra. The majority of the Baharna people today descend from the ʿAbd al-Qays tribe.

Banu Uqayl is an ancient Arab tribe originating from the Banu Ka'b branch of the large Banu 'Amir confederation, originally from the border region between the Hejaz and Najd. They played a significant role in Eastern Arabia and Iraq, founding several dynasties such as the Uqaylid dynasty in Upper Mesopotamia and the Jabrid dynasty in Eastern Arabia. The tribe allied with the Qarmatians and later established powerful rule over the Arabian Gulf coast, including Bahrain. Notable members include Umayyad commanders and poets, as well as founders of the Uqaylid Emirate.

The Banu Ḥakam was a clan within the Banu Umayya, the dominant clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca, Hejaz. They played a significant role in early Islamic history, particularly through Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the fourth Umayyad caliph who established the Marwanid branch of the Umayyad dynasty. The clan was influential in the political and military affairs of the early Islamic state and produced notable leaders who helped consolidate Umayyad rule.

Banu Hanzala ibn Malik is a historical Arab tribe originating from al-Yamama in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a branch of the larger Banu Tamim tribe and played a significant role in pre-Islamic Arabian conflicts such as the battle of Yawm Dhi Najab. The tribe includes notable members like Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and the House of Al Thani, reflecting its lasting influence in Islamic history.