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Third wife of the Prophet ﷺ and his most beloved (after Khadīja). Daughter of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq. Married the Prophet ﷺ in Shawwāl 1 AH (April 623 CE), aged 9 (the marriage contract was made earlier in Mecca when she was about 6-7). She was the only virgin among his wives. The most prolific female narrator of hadith — over 2,210 reports — and a major early jurist whose opinions are foundational in Islamic law. Source of countless intimate biographical details about the Prophet ﷺ. Led the Battle of the Camel (36 AH / 656 CE) against ʿAlī, which she later regretted. Died in 58 AH and was buried in al-Baqīʿ.

The greatest military commander of early Islam. Initially fought against the Muslims at Uḥud (where his cavalry charge turned the tide) and the Trench. Accepted Islam in 8 AH (629 CE) before the Conquest of Mecca. The Prophet ﷺ named him Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl ("the Drawn Sword of God") after his survival of Muʾta where he broke 9 swords. Led the Muslim forces in the Ridda Wars — defeating Musaylima and Ṭulayḥa — and then conquered Iraq and the Levant, including the decisive Battle of Yarmūk (15 AH / 636 CE). Reportedly never lost a battle. Buried in Ḥimṣ.

Third Rashidun caliph (23-35 AH / 644-656 CE). Wealthy merchant from Banū Umayya. Among the first to accept Islam (often listed as the 4th male after Abū Bakr, ʿAlī and Zayd ibn Ḥāritha). Married Ruqayya bint Muhammad ﷺ (the Prophet's ﷺ second daughter) and after her death married her sister Umm Kulthūm — earning the kunya Dhū al-Nūrayn ("Possessor of the Two Lights"). Two-time migrant (Abyssinia and Medina). Famous for funding the Muslim community: bought the well of Rūmā in Medina, financed the army of ʿUsra at Tabūk (sponsored 1,000 camels equipped). As caliph, oversaw the standardisation of the Qurʾān (the ʿUthmānic muṣḥaf — the basis of all extant copies today) using Ḥafṣa's manuscript. Assassinated by rebels who broke into his home during the First Fitna while he was reciting the Qurʾān. Genealogy meets the Prophet at ʿAbd Manāf (5 generations back) — closer to the Prophet than any other Rashidun caliph except ʿAlī.

Eldest grandson of the Prophet ﷺ, second son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima. The Prophet ﷺ said: "al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn are the masters of the youth of Paradise." Briefly succeeded his father as caliph (40-41 AH) but abdicated to Muʿāwiya to avoid further civil war — fulfilling the Prophet's ﷺ prediction: "This son of mine is a sayyid, and Allah will reconcile through him two great factions of the Muslims." Ancestor of the Hasanid line — including the Idrīsids of Morocco, the Hashemite kings of Jordan and Iraq, the kings of Morocco, and the modern Sayyids/Sharīfs.

Umar was the second caliph who expanded the Muslim state and appointed Mu'awiya as governor of Damascus.

Aisha led a rebellion against Ali to avenge Uthman's death and challenge Ali's legitimacy.

Ali ibn Abi Talib was the fourth caliph and cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. He opposed Mu'awiya after Uthman's assassination, leading to the First Fitna.

Chief of the Quraysh opposition to the Prophet ﷺ until the Conquest of Mecca (8 AH / 630 CE), when he accepted Islam. Father of Muʿāwiya (founder of the Umayyad caliphate) and Umm Ḥabība (the Prophet's ﷺ wife — making him the Prophet's ﷺ father-in-law). Led the Quraysh forces at Uḥud and the Confederates at the Trench. After accepting Islam, fought as a Muslim general at Ḥunayn, Ṭāʾif, and Yarmūk (where he lost an eye).