Banū Hāshim

Abd Allah ibn Ali was an Abbasid commander who played a key role in the military campaigns during the revolution and the massacre of Umayyad remnants.

Father of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Son of ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib by his wife Fāṭima bint ʿAmr al-Makhzūmiyya. Married Āmina bint Wahb of Banū Zuhra. Died on a trade journey to Yathrib (Medina), buried in the house of his maternal uncles among the Banū al-Najjār — before the birth of his only child, Muhammad ﷺ. The orphan-state of the Prophet from before birth is foundational to his story (Sūrat al-Ḍuḥā 93:6: "Did He not find you an orphan and shelter you?").

Paternal uncle of the Prophet ﷺ and full brother of Abdullāh (their mother was Fāṭima bint ʿAmr al-Makhzūmiyya). After ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib died (the Prophet was 8), Abū Ṭālib raised the orphan Muhammad ﷺ as his own son. Took him on a famous trade journey to Sham (Syria) where the monk Baḥīrā recognised the signs of prophethood. Continued protecting the Prophet ﷺ throughout the persecution of the early Meccan period and even endured the boycott in shiʿb Abī Ṭālib (616-619 CE) without ever publicly accepting Islam himself. Father of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (4th Rashidun Caliph), Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib (martyr of Muʾta), ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib, and Ṭālib (after whom he was named). Died in 619 CE — the "Year of Sorrow" (ʿām al-ḥuzn) — the same year as Khadīja, leaving the Prophet ﷺ without his protector and triggering his journey to Ṭāʾif and ultimately the Hijra.

Wife of Abū Ṭālib and mother of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib, and ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib. From Banū Hāshim (her father Asad was a son of Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf — making her the Prophet's ﷺ first cousin once removed, and ʿAlī both his cousin paternally AND maternally through this line). Treated the orphaned Muhammad ﷺ as her own son when he came under Abū Ṭālib's care. Among the early Muslims; migrated to Medina. The Prophet ﷺ wept at her funeral and gave his own shirt to be her shroud, and lay in her grave saying: "O God, forgive my mother Fāṭima bint Asad..."

Youngest and most beloved daughter of the Prophet ﷺ. The only one of his children whose progeny survived (through her sons al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn — the entire Sayyid/Sharīf lineage of the Muslim world descends from her). Married her cousin ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib in 2 AH / 624 CE in Medina. Mother of al-Ḥasan, al-Ḥusayn, Zaynab, and Umm Kulthūm. The Prophet ﷺ said of her: "Fāṭima is part of me; whoever angers her angers me." Survived her father by only six months — she died in 11 AH, having grieved him intensely. Buried in al-Baqīʿ.

Great-grandfather of the Prophet ﷺ and eponymous founder of Banū Hāshim. He established the famous Quraysh trade caravans — riḥlat al-shitāʾ wa al-ṣayf ("the journey of winter and summer") — to Yemen in winter and to Sham (Syria) in summer, as praised in Sūrat Quraysh (106). He died in Gaza on a trade mission. His twin brother was ʿAbd Shams (ancestor of the Umayyads). Hāshim married Salmā bint ʿAmr of the Banū Najjār in Yathrib (Medina); their son was Shayba (= ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib), born in Yathrib.

Youngest son of the Prophet ﷺ, by Māriya the Copt. Born in Medina in 8 AH; died at 18 months in 10 AH. The day he died there was a solar eclipse and people thought it was caused by his death; the Prophet ﷺ corrected them: "The sun and moon do not eclipse for the death or birth of anyone — they are signs of God."

Final Messenger of God in Islamic theology, recipient of the Qurʾān (revealed over 23 years, 610-632 CE), and founder of the Muslim community. Born in Mecca after his father's death; orphaned at 6 with his mother's death; raised first by his grandfather ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib then his uncle Abū Ṭālib. Married Khadīja bint Khuwaylid at 25 (she was 40); received first revelation at 40 (610 CE) on Mount Ḥirāʾ; preached publicly in Mecca for 13 years; emigrated (hijra) to Medina in 622 CE; established the Constitution of Medina; led 27 military expeditions; conquered Mecca in 630 CE; performed the Farewell Pilgrimage (ḥijjat al-wadāʿ) in 632 CE; died the same year, leaving the Muslim community with the Qurʾān and his Sunna. According to the canonical Islamic genealogy, his lineage from his father back to ʿAdnān has 21 fathers; from ʿAdnān to Ibrāhīm (Abraham) the chain is preserved but the count of generations is contested.

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Second daughter of the Prophet ﷺ. Originally betrothed to ʿUtba ibn Abī Lahab, but he divorced her (without consummation) at his father Abū Lahab's instigation when Sūrat al-Masad (Q 111) was revealed. Then married ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān; they migrated together to Abyssinia and then to Medina. Died of plague in Medina on the day of Badr (the Prophet ﷺ stayed back from the battle to be with her and assigned ʿUthmān to nurse her).

Abu Ma'shar al-Sindī was an early Islamic historian and hadith scholar of the Tabi'un generation, known for his works on maghāzī and Islamic history, though considered unreliable by many hadith critics.

Third daughter of the Prophet ﷺ. Originally betrothed to ʿUtayba ibn Abī Lahab (brother of ʿUtba); also divorced before consummation when Sūrat al-Masad was revealed. After her sister Ruqayya's death, she married ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (3 AH / 625 CE), who because of marrying two daughters of the Prophet ﷺ in turn was given the kunya Dhū al-Nūrayn ("Possessor of the Two Lights"). Died childless in 9 AH.

Eldest daughter of the Prophet ﷺ. Married her maternal cousin Abū al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ before the Prophethood. He remained polytheist after her conversion; he was captured at Badr and ransomed (Khadīja's necklace was sent as ransom — the Prophet ﷺ wept seeing it). Eventually accepted Islam and reunited with her in 7 AH. Mother of Umāma bint Abī al-ʿĀṣ (whom the Prophet ﷺ used to carry on his shoulders during prayer). Died in 8 AH from injuries sustained during her migration to Medina.

Eldest son of the Prophet ﷺ by Khadīja. The Prophet's ﷺ kunya "Abū al-Qāsim" derives from him. Died as an infant in pre-prophetic Mecca.

Al-Saffah was the first Abbasid caliph, recognized in 749, who consolidated Abbasid power after the revolution.

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Full brother of Abdullāh (the Prophet's father) and Abū Ṭālib. A major Quraysh leader. Founder of Ḥilf al-Fuḍūl (the Pact of the Virtuous, c. 590 CE) — a pre-Islamic alliance to defend the wronged in Mecca, which the Prophet ﷺ attended as a young man and later said: "If I were called to it in Islam, I would respond." Died before the Prophet's prophethood.

Paternal uncle of the Prophet ﷺ. Two years older than the Prophet. Wealthy merchant who, while initially neutral, secretly supported the Prophet from early on. Captured by the Muslims at Badr (where he fought on the Quraysh side under duress) and ransomed. Publicly accepted Islam shortly before the Conquest of Mecca (630 CE). Ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs (al-Saffāḥ, al-Manṣūr, Hārūn al-Rashīd, etc.) through his son ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās — the great companion who is one of the most prolific transmitters of hadith and tafsīr.

Eldest grandson of the Prophet ﷺ, second son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima. The Prophet ﷺ said: "al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn are the masters of the youth of Paradise." Briefly succeeded his father as caliph (40-41 AH) but abdicated to Muʿāwiya to avoid further civil war — fulfilling the Prophet's ﷺ prediction: "This son of mine is a sayyid, and Allah will reconcile through him two great factions of the Muslims." Ancestor of the Hasanid line — including the Idrīsids of Morocco, the Hashemite kings of Jordan and Iraq, the kings of Morocco, and the modern Sayyids/Sharīfs.

Younger grandson of the Prophet ﷺ, third son of ʿAlī and Fāṭima. Famous for his piety. Refused to give bayʿa to Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya in 60 AH and travelled towards Kūfa with his family at the invitation of its people, who then betrayed him. Surrounded by Yazīd's army at Karbalāʾ on the banks of the Euphrates and martyred along with most of his male family on 10 Muḥarram 61 AH / 680 CE — the foundational tragedy of the Shīʿa and a profound mourning event in all Muslim traditions. Ancestor of the Husaynid line — including Imām ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn and through him the Twelve Imāms (in Shīʿī tradition), Zaydīs, Faṭimid caliphs, and many Sayyid lines.

Second son of the Prophet ﷺ by Khadīja. Born after the Prophet's mission began (some say before, some after). Died as an infant in Mecca. After his death the Quraysh enemies mocked the Prophet ﷺ as al-abtar ("the cut-off one, with no male descendants") — Sūrat al-Kawthar (Q 108) was revealed in response: "It is your enemy who is the cut-off one."

Paternal grandfather of the Prophet ﷺ. Born in Yathrib (Medina) and brought to Mecca as a child by his uncle al-Muṭṭalib after Hāshim's death. Re-dug the sacred well of Zamzam after it had been buried for centuries. Father of ten sons, including Abdullāh (the Prophet's ﷺ father), Abū Ṭālib (father of ʿAlī), al-ʿAbbās, Ḥamza, al-Zubayr, and Abū Lahab. Took custody of the orphaned Muhammad ﷺ on the death of his mother Āmina (when the Prophet was 6) and raised him until his own death two years later. The famous incident of the "vow to sacrifice his son" and the substitution of 100 camels (the origin of the diya/blood-money rate in Islam) involves him and his son Abdullāh. Witnessed the Year of the Elephant (ʿām al-fīl, 570 CE) when Abraha's Aksumite army was destroyed before reaching the Kaʿba — the same year the Prophet ﷺ was born.

Paternal uncle of the Prophet ﷺ but his most bitter opponent within Banū Hāshim. Subject of Sūrat al-Masad (Q 111) — "May the hands of Abū Lahab perish". Married to Umm Jamīl, also condemned in the same sūra. He and his wife both died as enemies of the Prophet ﷺ. His son ʿUtba had been married to the Prophet's ﷺ daughter Ruqayya, but divorced her at his father's instigation.

Cousin of the Prophet ﷺ (his father Abū Ṭālib was the Prophet's paternal uncle), foster-brother (raised in his household), son-in-law (married Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), and fourth Rashidun caliph (35-40 AH / 656-661 CE). Among the first to accept Islam — by most accounts the second after Khadīja, or the first male after her. Famously slept in the Prophet's ﷺ bed on the night of the Hijra to deceive the Quraysh assassins. Distinguished himself in battle (Badr, Uḥud, Khandaq, Khaybar). The Prophet ﷺ said: "Are you not pleased that you are to me as Hārūn was to Mūsā, except that there is no prophet after me?" Father of al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn through Fāṭima — the entire Sayyid/Sharīf lineage descends from him. Assassinated in Kufa during morning prayer by a Khārijī.

Paternal uncle and milk-brother of the Prophet ﷺ (both nursed by Thuwayba). Two years older than the Prophet. Famous warrior and skilled archer; accepted Islam in the 6th year after revelation in defence of his nephew. Killed at the Battle of Uḥud (3 AH / 625 CE) by Waḥshī ibn Ḥarb, an Abyssinian slave hired by Hind bint ʿUtba (Abū Sufyān's wife) in revenge for her father ʿUtba's death at Badr. The Prophet ﷺ wept bitterly over his body. Honoured as Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ (Master of the Martyrs).

Paternal aunt of the Prophet ﷺ. Mother of al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām (one of the ten promised Paradise) — by her husband al-ʿAwwām ibn Khuwaylid (brother of Khadīja). Famous for her bravery — at the Battle of the Trench (5 AH) she single-handedly killed a Jewish spy who was scouting the Muslim camp. One of the few of the Prophet's aunts to accept Islam.