Banū ʿAdī
Descendants of ʿAdī ibn Kaʿb, brother of Murra. The clan of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the second Rashidun Caliph; his daughter Ḥafṣa bint ʿUmar, the Mother of the Believers; and Saʿīd ibn Zayd, one of the ten promised Paradise.
Usāmah ibn Zayd was a prominent companion of the Prophet Muhammad, known for leading the first successful Muslim military expedition into Byzantine territory.
Father of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb. A pre-Islamic Quraysh notable. Did not accept Islam.
Second Rashidun caliph (13-23 AH / 634-644 CE) — the longest-reigning of the Rashidun. Initially a fierce opponent of Islam (set out to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ but was converted on the way after hearing his sister Fāṭima bint al-Khaṭṭāb reciting Sūrat Ṭā Hā). Title "al-Fārūq" given by the Prophet ﷺ. Father-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ through his daughter Ḥafṣa. As caliph, oversaw the conquests of Persia (Sassanid Empire), Egypt, and the Levant — the most rapid territorial expansion in the religion's history. Established the Hijri calendar (with year 1 = the Hijra). Founded the dīwān (state administration) and the umm al-qurā registry. Famous for his austere personal life and demanding governance. Assassinated in the mosque of Medina during morning prayer by a Persian Christian-born Magian slave. Genealogy meets the Prophet at Kaʿb ibn Luʾayy (8 generations back).
Fourth wife of the Prophet ﷺ. Daughter of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb. A widow (her first husband Khunays ibn Ḥudhāfa al-Sahmī died after Badr). Married the Prophet ﷺ in Shaʿbān 3 AH / 625 CE. She was the custodian of the original written Qurʾān (al-muṣḥaf) — Abū Bakr had compiled it after Yamāma, then ʿUmar passed it to her, and ʿUthmān used her copy as the master for his standardisation. A literate and learned woman.