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Person

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb

عمر بن الخطاب

Abū Ḥafṣ · al-Fārūq (the Distinguisher between truth and falsehood), Amīr al-Muʾminīn

584 CE – 644 CE(aged ~60) Banū ʿAdī

Second Rashidun caliph (13-23 AH / 634-644 CE) — the longest-reigning of the Rashidun. Initially a fierce opponent of Islam (set out to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ but was converted on the way after hearing his sister Fāṭima bint al-Khaṭṭāb reciting Sūrat Ṭā Hā). Title "al-Fārūq" given by the Prophet ﷺ. Father-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ through his daughter Ḥafṣa. As caliph, oversaw the conquests of Persia (Sassanid Empire), Egypt, and the Levant — the most rapid territorial expansion in the religion's history. Established the Hijri calendar (with year 1 = the Hijra). Founded the dīwān (state administration) and the umm al-qurā registry. Famous for his austere personal life and demanding governance. Assassinated in the mosque of Medina during morning prayer by a Persian Christian-born Magian slave. Genealogy meets the Prophet at Kaʿb ibn Luʾayy (8 generations back).

Significance

Second Rashidun caliph (13-23 AH / 634-644 CE) — the longest-reigning of the Rashidun. Initially a fierce opponent of Islam (set out to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ but was converted on the way after hearing his sister Fāṭima bint al-Khaṭṭāb reciting Sūrat Ṭā Hā). Title "al-Fārūq" given by the Prophet ﷺ. Father-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ through his daughter Ḥafṣa. As caliph, oversaw the conquests of Persia (Sassanid Empire), Egypt, and the Levant — the most rapid territorial expansion in the religion's history. Established the Hijri calendar (with year 1 = the Hijra). Founded the dīwān (state administration) and the umm al-qurā registry. Famous for his austere personal life and demanding governance. Assassinated in the mosque of Medina during morning prayer by a Persian Christian-born Magian slave. Genealogy meets the Prophet at Kaʿb ibn Luʾayy (8 generations back).
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Father

al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl (الخطاب بن نفيل)

Children (1)

Sources: Wikipedia and classical Islamic biographical literature compiled by automated researchers. Every page is being continuously refined — if something looks off, please check back in a few days.