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Islamic Theology on Predestination and Human Agency

Qadar, often paired with Qada, refers to the Islamic concept of divine decree encompassing God's predestination and foreknowledge of all events, alongside human free will. This doctrine addresses how God's omniscience and omnipotence coexist with human responsibility, a subject extensively discussed in the Quran, Hadith, and classical theological schools such as the Qadariyya, Jabriyya, Ashariyya, and Maturidi. The reconciliation of divine predestination with free will remains a central theological issue in Islam.

Central Doctrine of Islamic Monotheism

Tawhid is the fundamental Islamic concept affirming the absolute oneness and uniqueness of God (Allah). It encompasses three primary aspects: Tawhid al-Rububiyyah (Oneness of Lordship), Tawhid al-Uluhiyyah (Oneness of Worship), and Tawhid al-Asma wa-l-Sifat (Oneness of Names and Attributes). This doctrine is foundational to Islamic belief, shaping theology, worship, and understanding of God’s nature, as emphasized in the Quran and elaborated by various theological schools such as the Athari, Ash'ari, and Maturidi.

The Day of Judgment in Islamic Eschatology

Yawm al-Qiyamah, or the Day of Judgment, is a fundamental concept in Islamic theology describing the final day when all humans and jinn will be resurrected, judged by Allah based on their deeds, and assigned to either Paradise or Hell. It is preceded by numerous minor and major signs, involves resurrection (ba'th), the weighing of deeds on the Mizan (scale), crossing the Sirat (bridge), and ultimately the granting of eternal reward or punishment.